Project Report On Petroleum Industry Commerce Essay

Project Report On Petroleum Industry Commerce Essay The MBA programmed provides student with a fundamental knowledge of business and organizational functions and activities as well as an exposure to strategic thinking of management. As a part of the curriculum we have prepared a comprehensive project report on petroleum industry. The theoretical knowledge is used only when are apply in our practical study. This report contains a brief about the petroleum industry playing a vital role in the growth of Indian economy. The whole project was accomplished in very systematic manner starting from collection of information through visiting various websites, books, magazines etc and than analyses it in a proper and suitable way. This report aims to provide information regarding the current position of petroleum industry in India. Its growth, challenges and issues in highly competitive market by adopting liberalization and globalization polices which are affecting the Indian economy particularly in petroleum sector. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank all the people who have helped us for making this project possible. Firstly we would like to appreciate the tradition of our institute, J.H.P.C.M.T which encourages such activities. We would also like to thank Dr. M.R.Parekh director of J.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY for providing help whenever required. We grateful acknowledgments the value guidance and useful suggestion offered by our faculty guide Miss Jenita Patel. Finally we also thankful all our friends to helped us directly and indirectly in our project. We have also devoted with our best possible effort to complete the project. Declaration We Thakkar Nikita, Makwana Snehal hereby declare that the COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT REPORT entitled Petroleum Industry in is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged. Place: (Signature) Date: (Name of Student) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project titled as Petroleum Industry has been undertaken with an objective of analyzing the economic growth in the india market its role for the development of the country. It represents Indias energy needs and is the most valuable public as well as private enterprise. As a collective result of private sector and public sector refinery investments in the recentpast, India will become known by 2012 as Asias largest refined product exporter, surpassing Singapore. India will stay one of Asias two largest refined product exporters for the anticipated future. India is suddenly become a global petroleum producing center because of having increasing the depth of product flows and strengthening supply chains especially clean transport fuels and for high-end industrial product. It also have far-reaching implications for regional product markets. The business of Indias large scale export oriented refining sector marks the increase of rate of a basic shift in the design of global refining in which growing economies increasingly look to production hubs in Asia and the Middle East to supply incremental refined product demand. Growth and Evolution of Petroleum Industry in India The petroleum industry is include the global processes of extraction, exploration, refining, transporting (often by pipelines and oil tankers), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are gasoline (petrol) and fuel oil. Petroleum (oil) is also the raw material for many chemical products, including solvents, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fertilizers, and plastics. The origin of the Indian oil gas industry can be traced back to the late 19th century, when oil was first struck at Digboi in Assam in 1889.In view of the significance of the gas oil sector for overall economic growth, the Government of India announced in1954 that petroleum would be the core sector industry. 1954, petroleum exploration production activity was controlled by the government-owned National Oil Companies (NOCs), namely Oil India Private Ltd (OIL) and Oil Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).Indias refining capacity has more than trebled in the last 13 years. Reliance Industry is the first refinery industry in Jamnagar in 1999, India has an installed capacity of around 193.5 million tpa in April, 2011. The growth is likely to continue with refining capacities expected to touch 255 million tpa by 2012-13 and 302 million tpa by 2017-18, with a slew of projects announced by both the private and public sector. Today, private sector accounts for 76.5 million tpa (around 39.5 per cent) and public sector oil companies account for close to 117 million tpa (around 60.5 per cent). There has been a healthy growth in Indias petroleum refining capacity in the last five years, is as described by the given table below:- Domestic crude oil production [million tpa] 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 (Provisional) Total consumption 113.2 120.7 128.9 133.6 138.2 Products from indigenous crude 26.6 28.4 28.2 27.0 27.2 Indigenous crude processing 28.3 30.2 30.0 28.8 28.9 Products from fractionators 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.4 Total indigenous production 30.8 32.4 32.3 31.2 31.6 Import dependence (%) 72.8 73.2 75.0 76.7 77.2 Self-sufficiency (%) 27.2 27.0 25.0 23.3 22.8 The capacity utilization of Indian refiners for the last few years is described in the table. Indian refiners have also operated at higher operating rates or capacity utilization compared to their regional/global peers implying efficiency in operations. But, import of Indias refining industry is growing, as the domestic crude oil production is stable at around 30 million tpa for the last few years. Generally, GDP growth rates and petroleum product consumption are linked. But, in our case, factors like availability of better roads, more fuel efficient vehicles, improvements in mass urban transport modes and increased availability of natural gas for industrial sector contributed to more moderate growth in recent times. Indian refineries are clocking higher Gross Refining Margins compared to regional benchmarks a clear sign for competitiveness in refining operations. If all the planned projects materialize, India will have an exportable surplus petroleum product of around 100 million tpa by 2012 and 140 million. Product profile This section provides a brief description of the technology and production process. An understanding of these issues is critical as it helps understand industry structure. Crude oil is a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons chemical compounds consisting roughly of six parts of carbon and one of hydrogen, both of which are fuels; it generally also carries small quantities of salts sulphur, oxygen, metals and nitrogen. The principal products obtained from the crude oil are:- Petrol:- Petrol is used to fuel internal combustion engines, mainly vehicular. It is early use as a killer of lice and their eggs has completely disappeared. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG):- LPG is mostly a combination of propane and butane. It is heavier than air, and liquefies under pressure. It is used as a household cooking fuel, vehicular fuel and refrigerant; 4 million vehicles are estimated to be powered by LPG in the world. Kerosene:- Kerosene is also known as paraffin, is used as an illuminant and cooking fuel in India and other poor countries, and as a space heating fuel in industrial countries. Jet fuel:- It is used in jet planes, is closely akin to kerosene. Naphtha:- Naphtha is used to make additives for high-octane petrol, and to make polymeric plastics and urea, a nitrogenous fertilizer. Lubricating oil:- It is consists of greases and viscous oils used to lubricate moving parts in automobiles, industry, railway engines and carriages and marine engines. Petroleum coke:- It is mostly used as fuel, but is also used to make dry cell batteries and electrodes. High-speed diesel oil:- It is used in engines running at 750 revolutions per minute (rpm) or more. It is mostly used in diesel-powered vehicles. Light diesel:- It is used in the diesel engines running at lower speed mainly irrigation pumps and generation sets. Furnace oil:- It is made by diluting residual fuel oil from refining with middle distillates such as diesel oil. It is used in bunkers, boilers, furnaces, heaters, or as fertilizer feedstock. Demand determination of the Industry Petroleum industry in the country has undergone major transformation in the past several years. The country is now net exporter of petroleum products. Globalization of Indian economy along with high international oil prices which are a pass-through in the bulk sector has induced improvement in energy efficiency and shift of demand from liquid to natural gas (LNG). Further, improvement in road infrastructure and better vehicles has had a sobering effect on the demand for road transportation fuels. Low demand in transport fuels like HSD and MS is also due to factors like expansion of city gas distribution networks i.e. CNG. Demand determination factors:- The Demand determination factors are based on mainly two approaches. Top-down Approach and Bottom-up Approach. Top-down Approach: Overall energy requirements with share of different fuels in the primary commercial energy basket by linking GDP with energy elasticity. Bottom-up Approach: End use approach considering the impact of different parameters. While assessing the requirements factors like impact of Metro rail, CNG expansion, impact of high oil prices, conservation/efficiency improvement issues, aviation policy of the Government, Railways freight policy, growth of passenger and cargo traffic, fleet expansion plan of airlines, National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) road construction projects, construction of freight corridor, electrification plans of railway tracks vehicle population growth, impact of gas, technological improvements in engine designs, improved fuel efficiency, impact of auto LPG etc. have been measured. The demand of gas is continues to be influenced by the cost economics vis-à  -vis alternative fuels pertaining to each of the end use sectors in India. The power and fertilizer is also the dynamics of these sectors. Currently the consumption of natural gas is shared by the fertilizer and power sector to the tune of 29% and 40% respectively. The power sector is one of the continuous major consumer of natural gas. There has set target of 70,000 generation s forecasted by he ministry of power for the next 5 year period ending 2012. The industry like Petrochemicals/Refineries and Internal Consumption sectors are estimates that the annual economic growth rate of about 7%. Similarly, the iron/steel sector is also estimates same rate for economic growth. Currently the demand for petroleum product is 131.8 MMT in 2011-12 which will increased by 160.2 in 2016-17. The demand for petroleum product is also depend on the availability of the different products like petrol diesel kerosene naphtha etc. Their prices are the main factor of determining demand of these products. The petroleum refineries must considered the price parity and export parity which considered the change in price of petroleum products which depend on the past experience. Players in the Industry The various competitors are available in the petroleum industry which including the government and private sector. most of the petroleum companies are huge operations and with billion dollar balance sheet. The oil and gas production and distribution is dominated by government owned companies which are heavily regulated excepting for Reliance Industries. After liberalizing the operations of the companies like Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd (HPCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd (BPCL) run billions of   dollars in losses as they are forced to sell petroleum products at below their cost. The polices of government are mostly informal compensating these companies through money transfers and bonds. some government companies like OIL India, ONGC and GAIL which operates in the production and have to bear less of the subsidy burden have grown and performed very well. In the private sector companies like Aban Great Offshore, Essar and Reliance have managed to grow rapidly as well with changeable degrees of success. Here is the list of the major petroleum Companies in India:- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOCL):- The IOCL covers the whole hydrocarbon value chain from, pipeline transportation, marketing of petroleum products to exploration production of crude oil gas, marketing of natural gas, petrochemicals and refining. The sales turn over of Indian oil was Rs 271,074 corer and profits of Rs. 10,221 corer in 2009-10. Indian oils cross-country network of crude oil and product pipelines across 10,899 km and the largest in the country, meets the crucial energy needs of the consumers in an economical, environment and efficient manner. GAIL India:- GAIL (India) Limited, is Indias Natural Gas company, integrating all aspects of the Natural Gas value chain right from discovery to marketing. It emphasizes on clean fuel industrialization, creating a square of green energy corridors that connect major consumption centers with major gas fields in India. GAIL is growing its business to become a player in the International market. The companys revenue earned in 2009-10 was Rs 24,000 corer with net profit of 11%. It is a well managed fast growing company with high competitive barriers in India. Reliance  Industries:- It is Indias largest private petroleum company. The company achieving the remarkable growth in the last decade and is diversifying into Retail. In market top more than $30 billion it is Indias most valued company. It is also highly petroleum exporting company of India. The company is one of the largest oil refining and petrochemical complexes in the world at Jamnagar. Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd (BPCL):- it is the major distribution of petroleum, cooking gas and diesel in the Indian market. The companys revenue of Rs 36,000 corer and net profit of 0.5%. due to the government control The company suffer low margins and terrible stock price performance. Which forces the company to sell the product at below the cost? Even after the liberalization with increased global crude prices increasing the losses very much. The company produces a various range of products, from petrochemicals and solvents to aircraft fuel and specialty lubricants and markets them to several international and domestic airlines and hundreds of industries. Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd (HPCL):- The company operates the largest refinery in the country producing Oils of international standards. This Refinery accounts for 40% of the Indias total Oil production. The company has two major refineries producing a large variety of petroleum fuels specialties. one in Mumbai and the other in Vishakhapatnam. Its huge marketing network consists of its zonal regional offices facilitated by a supply distribution infrastructure comprising terminals, aviation service stations, retail outlets, pipeline networks and LPG distributorships. The companys market share accounts for about 20% and 10% of the nations refining capacity. The company revenue earned was Rs 34,000 corer and net profit margin of 0.65% in 2010. ONGC Corporation:- The company ranks 3rd in petroleum Exploration Production industry. It produces 803 Million Metric Tones of crude and 485 Billion Cubic Meters of Natural Gas from 111 fields. It is the biggest multinational company with 40 oil and gas projects in 15 countries. The company earned Rs. 20,000 corer with net profit margin of 34% in 2010. NGC holds the largest share of hydrocarbon in India contributes over 79% of Indians oil and gas production. Distribution channel of the industry The petroleum distribution segment is rapidly adopting different kinds of supply chain solution. From crude oil selection to petroleum product distribution at the retail outlet it is chain with many links. The refining margins, the lead time associated with fundamental functions like product trading and crude buying unpredictability in oil prices make the entire process challenging. Implementation of these solution on a wide spread installations, however, is what the world is watching, as vast petroleum companies fight to chain the business. The petroleum industry has a vital need for both integration and implementation skills for taking the best value out of the differ distribution channel available. Underground, the gas station is quite modern. The tanks for super unleaded and for regular (the midgrade fuel) are larger than the normal tanks. Each tank is equipped with an electronic level check that conveys real time information about its status through a cable to the stations management system and then to the main inventory management system for the oil company whose products the gas station markets. The travels from the distribution channel push to demand pull is taking place in the section, where once the challenge was in getting the best deals on buying crude, the focus is shifting to give customer what he wants. The petroleum business is separated into refining and distribution segments. The focuses more on the distribution segment. There is a specific change to focus in the industry toward the distribution segment. The big oil companies have started monitoring the inventories of crude oil or any other petroleum products. The issues at the refining level are: which products to make in what quantity? Which crude to use? Which units to run? While the issues at the customer facing end or at the gas station are basic, namely run outs refines. The important functions within the distribution channel are optimization across alternative means of transportation, demand forecasting, replenishment method to avoid retains/run outs finally scheduling, which sequences the dispatch. Marketing and Distribution of Petroleum Products in India:- The public sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) which include Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL) are primarily responsible for the marketing and distribution of petroleum products in India. With the opening of retail sector for the private players, Shell, Essar and Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL) have also entered the retail marketing related to petroleum products. The marketing and distribution infrastructure in the petroleum sector include liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) distributorships, petrol/diesel stations, lubricants and greases outlets IOCL is the market leader in terms of marketing and distribution of petroleum products. Retail outlets in India:- The number of retail outlets (ROs) in India has increased from 31,650 in April 2006 to 40,819 in January 2011. IOCL has the widest network of ROs across India with 19,057 ROs as in January 2011. The number of LPG distributors in India has increased to 9,686 as in 2010 from 6,477 in 20011. Indias Navratna oil marketing companies Indian Oil, BPCL and HPCL- are set to report another quarter of heavy losses as they have failed to get compensation from the government for selling fuels below cost. The three oil marketing companies (OMCs) sell diesel, LPG for domestic use and kerosene through public distribution system at prices that are substantially below their costs, in accordance with the permission of their majority shareholder. In return, a small part of their losses is made good by discounts from upstream like ONGC and Oil India. The larger share of losses is made good by the government. During the June 12 quarter, the three oil marketers together had posted an unique net loss of .Rs40,536 corer as the dues from government did not arrive. The company is expecting most of the demand for Piped natural gas to come from domestic and commercial consumer sector. Limitation on subsidized LPG cylinders is expected to be a boon for its Piped natural gas business. Consumers might come forward to get a Piped natural gas connection as its rates would be economical compared to LPG cylinders. The running cost of Piped natural gas would be about 10 percent less than the cost of LPG. Piped natural gas is safer and more eco-friendly fuel for the user. As oil marketing companies move advance forcefully to decrease their distribution channels for LPG cylinders, the next few months will certainly prove trying for consumers. Currently, oil companies in India are going through a tough task of maintaining positive margins in a very unstable market of crude prices and increasing distribution cost. Oil companies also need to be prepared for active pricing scenarios for the coming future. Hence, the immediate need is to have a complete real time visibility of sales and inventory for perfect demand forecasts. Integration of different systems and different data to provide single consistent view and information to the oil company management thus forming a strong foundation for effective decision making. Key issues and current trends Issues in petroleum industries:- The global economy is a dynamic and ever-growing one in spite of the high cost of energy. This in turn is forging the demand for petrochemicals. The strong growth in demand is not backed by a sufficient supply so the cost is still to come down. Operating rates of major petrochemical product segments are very high presently. Problems faced by the India petrochemical industry:- The manufacturing units mostly use outdated format of technology and are not able to produce optimally There is a requirement for the modernization of equipments Excise duty on synthetic fiber should be rationalized Anticipation of reservation on Small Scale Units Plastic waste to be recycled and the littering habits to be discouraged India requires advantage on feedstock, so the import cost has to be brought down The industry should have access to the primary amenities of infrastructure One of the big issues is the difficulty in predicting the advance price, which will succeed in the market in the future months. Some indications are of course available with the futures prices prevailing in the exchanges. Some companies hedge their margins or crude prices by doing paper trading. The forward price is a vital input in the optimization process and can actually make the model for a particular product maximization based on its price. Current trends in petroleum industry Petroleum has proven to be the most flexible fuel source ever discovered, situated at the core of the modern industrial economy. While the industry is strong, it is subject to some very significant stresses:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Industry consolidation (24 mergers and acquisitions since 1997) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Global industrial expansion resulting in increased petroleum demand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tight supplies of economically extractable oil à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Political instability and terrorism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High per-barrel price that accelerates development of alternative energies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Safety and the need to protect workers in hostile environments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Speed required to establish a presence in new markets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need to spread infrastructure risk among competitors These stressors are causing oil companies to change the way they do business. From their cooperation with competitors to their massive investments in technology, from a renewed focus on safety and the environment to serious investigation of alternative fuels, these firms are reshaping the industry. How they manage these changes also influences how they view their real estate holdings and how they house the scientists and engineers who play a vital role in this transformation. The challenges oil and gas companies face are having a significant impact on how they view their real estate holdings and what kind of workplaces they provide their employees. These are important issues since many companies in this sector have vast real estate holdings. More and more these companies are managing these holdings from an enterprise-wide perspective, running their facilities like any other part of the business. They are realizing that facilities and furnishings can be a strategic tool for achieving the organizations business goals. That focus has several implications for the workplace. Petroleum includes all petroleum-based products, such as gasoline, oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, refined cleaners, and solvents. Organizations involved in upstream (exploring and extracting) and downstream activities (refining and marketing) for these petroleum products are among some of the most profitable companies in the world. Whether they are involved in upstream or downstream activities, whether they are public corporations or state-owned companies, players in the oil industry must operate within the context of significant issues and major trends that are shaping the long-term outlook for oil. Oil companies public corporations and state and non-state-owned enterprises are faced with increasing demand for petroleum products due to global industrial expansion. On the one hand, labors to get the conservative oil (produced from underground hydrocarbon reservoirs by means of production wells) have prompted oil companies to invest ever more heavily in technology and equipment. On the other, these firms have increased investments in producing unusual oil, including oil sands, shale oil, and extra heavy crude oil, some of which require additional processing to produce artificial crude. To spread the risk of investing in costly technology, equipment, and processes firms are entering into joint-venture relationships designed to spread infrastructure risk among competitors in order for the entire industry to remain healthy. In some cases, firms have required mergers or acquisitions in order to expand resources for highly technical exploration and advanced production. . Other changes on the energy scene, particularly increasing prices for both oil and gas, are prompting several companies to take a broader view of their business. They are transforming themselves through investments in alternative energy sources, including solar, wind, biomass, geothermal energy, and fuel cell technology. The realization that alternative fuels and renewable energy technologies will play an increasingly important role as a bridge between the current focus on hydrocarbons and the clean, cheap promise of hydrogen has prompted many oil companies to invest heavily in these areas. Using technology to boost productivity The technology that oil companies provide their employees is principal perimeter, especially where operational efficiencies can be obtained. Management requires solid standard metrics in order to justify investing in technology. India has steadily established itself in the core of the international production of petrochemical and petrochemical related products in the present state of affairs. With the economic growth cycle slowing down in the United States, the Asian developing nations, especially India, would preferably stand in the global petrochemical market as a producer of these products. This is one of the major challenges facing India petrochemical industry. PESTEL analysis PESTEL analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental component of  strategic management. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting strategic analysis and gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. Political:- Political factors are degree to government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor   law, law, trade, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also consist of goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided and those that the government does not want to be provided. Besides, governments have great authority on the health education, and infrastructure of   a nation. Economical:- Economic factors include growth, interest, exchange  and the inflation. These factors have major impacts on how businesses run and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firms  cost of  capital and therefore to what degree a business grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy. Social:- Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness,  population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and how that company operates. For example, an old population may imply a smaller and less willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). Moreover; companies may change a variety of management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). Technological:- Technological factors include ecological and environmental aspects, such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of  technological change. They can find out  barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. In addition, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Environmental:- Environmental factors include weather, climate. Additionally, increasing awareness to climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer it is both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. Legal:- Legal factors include discrimination, consumer, antitrust, employment law, and health. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Conclusion Crude oil is one of the most necessitated worldwide required commodities. Any smallest amount fluctuation in crude oil prices can have both direct and indirect pressure on the economy of the countries. The instability of crude oil prices group many companies away. Therefore, prices have been regularly and closely monito

Suicide Is Never Painless

Death became an easy option. She wanted to cry, but she had no time. She wanted to change her life, but she didn't believe in miracles. For all the pain and anguish she had carried with her, it suddenly became too much to bear. Life had dealt her the last card but she had no spirit left to play with. The darkness bit into her, memories like poison flowed through her. She fought against them, but as sleep won out she was dragged back to the past. Death became no longer merely an option but a necessity to find peace. The pills lay next to her. They looked beautiful. She knew they could end it for her but she was so afraid. What would be waiting for her on the other side? Was there another side? All she knew was once she had gone that far, there would be no return. She sat there sobbing quietly, her mind tormenting her. She struggled to make sense of herself. The pain that was once emotional was now purely physical and nothing could heal it. The raw, open wounds would remain as fresh as the day they were created. Everything she had fought so hard to forget tore into her like daggers, dancing across her skin, drawing blood in a tide of crimson that stained any happiness she once had. It was tearing her apart. She cradled the pills in her hands, like precious diamonds. With a breath of courage, she threw the pills down her neck. They fell down her throat with ease, headed towards the emptiness of her own hell. She slowly sank down onto the floor, her head rolling sideways uncontrollably. Her mind started to fog over, numbing all her senses. The baby's cries began to recede as she lay almost motionless on the cold floor. She cried out in pain, the distant sound of her own voice pierced her fragile mind. Her life force once a blaze of colours is now black reflecting her feelings of confusion. She is lost yet yearning to be found. She is drowning in the darkness, helpless as it slowly devours her, playing with her mind until there is nothing left but a shadow of someone who was once whole She wasn't alive anymore, she simply existed. She still looked the same, but she wasn't and never would be. A man who had taken everything from her, her innocence, her virginity and now her life, she never even saw his face. She was left to bring up a child sired by a monster. A child conceived out of hate. Was it not enough that she had to be reminded of it everyday? Every time she woke up in the morning, every time she closed her eyes†¦What was the need of his sinister actions? Was it that he didn't understand the word â€Å"no†? Didn't he realise the screams were out of pure terror; that kicking profusely were signals to stop; that the look on her face was of complete despair and frustration; that the touch of his hand made her blood run cold; that he was stealing her dignity, her pride, her self respect?! She made that same journey home every evening like clockwork; she'd been there a thousand times. She turned away from the buildings, away from the street light and her hollow footsteps were the only sounds that followed her†¦Her heart started to pound faster as she tried to gain vision in the pitch black that she had descended into. Her body felt like it was being mauled and still the real horrors had not begun. Dependant on her hearing as her main working sense, she could hear his approach. His curses screamed of anger at her venerable position, his threats called out like promises, nurturing the fear that grew in her stomach. Gagged and bound, her legs flew from under her as she was thrown to the ground. Mud and dirt covered her like a second skin and fell for what seemed to be an eternity, while above; she could still hear him. The sound of him as he forced torture after torture on her, the sound of him as he violated her body time and again, while she lay there helplessly, the tears biting at her eyes like acid. The thing that hurt the most was the realisation of what had just happened to her. As she scrambled blindly in the darkness, a maze of dangers that had waited to harm her. The unknown monsters that hid in the depths of the shadows warped her mind.

Applying The Social Entrepreneurship Concept Commerce Essay

This undertaking is about using the societal entrepreneurship construct in the ICE-Port design.This undertaking will be focused on the attacks to advance the societal entrepreneurship activities via the ICE-Port.The thoughts for the plans to be conducted are non merely come from ISEC commission or MASMED, but it is besides will enable all the ISEC members to give and get down any related programs.The aims of this undertaking is to place the societal entrepreneurship construct, to place the characteristics for ICE-Port as societal entreprenteurship construct and to plan the ICE-Port.The execution of this undertaking will be in 3 stages, job designation, demand and and analysis and besides plan phases.This undertaking is expected to finish within 2 semester.The awaited consequence of this undertaking would be ICE-Port paradigm and SDD.Chapter 1IntroductionThis chapter discusses the undertaking background, job statement, purpose, aims, range and significance of the undertaking. The unde rtaking background presents the overview of proposed undertaking and the job statement will place the job occurs. Significance of the undertaking is besides stated in this chapter.1.1 Undertaking Background.Entrepreneurship plans were conducted among university pupils in order to expose pupils to entrepreneurial values and accomplishments, which cover leading, invention, creativeness, resiliency, fight, independency, calculated hazard and the ability to place and make chances ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . To heighten the entrepreneurship programme, The Higher Education Entrepreneurship Development Policy was launched on 13 April 2010. The purpose of this policy is to promote the development of entrepreneurship plans among higher instruction pupils in a holistic mode and well-structured program.The execution of the policy is aim at bring forthing alumnuss which non merely success in academic but besides have the enterprisers attributes, believing and accomplishments, to increase the figure of enterprisers among alumnuss for the accomplishment of economic transmutation ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . ‘Kemahiran Insaniah ‘ plan, one of the attacks introduced by the Ministry of Higher Education ( MOHE ) for the development of human capital among university pupils has outlined entrepreneurship accomplishments as one of the 7 elements as the aims of the plan ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . Before the execution of the entrepreneurship policy by MOHE, UiTM one measure further in develop and back up the entrepreneurship elements among their pupils. UiTM has introduced entrepreneurship classs as an attempt to advance entrepreneurship as a feasible calling option ( Arshad, Buyong, Wahab & A ; Salleh, 2011 ) . This can be seen in academic survey program which entrepreneurship class has been highlighted as one of the compulsory topic in some faculities such as Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences ( www.fskm.uitm.edu.my, n.d. ) .Other than that, one of the iniatitives is the constitution of Malayan Academy of SME & A ; Entrepreneurship Development ( MASMED ) .MASMED is the combination of Pusat Pembangunan Usahawan Malaysia ( MEDEC ) , Tunas Mekar and Entrepreneurship Research and Support Centre ( ERSC ) was established in April 2010 to carry on and form entrepreneurship programmes among UiTM pupils ( hypertext transfer protocol: //masmed.uitm.edu.my,2011 ) .MASMED res ponsible to bring forth enterprisers among the UiTM pupils and to construct the entrepreneurship accomplishments and values among the pupils to better the marketability of employment. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //masmed.uitm.edu.my,2011 ) . Besides the introducing of entrepreneurship class, UiTM exposed the entrepreneurship elements through the extracurricular and club activities ( Arshad, Buyong, Wahab & A ; Salleh, 2011 ) . As defined by Dalrymple and Evangelou in 2006, extracurricular activities refer to the activities which are non covered in the university course of study and it will take topographic point outside the category clip. Perlembagaan Persatuan UiTM in 2012 highlighted the activities will be conducted must supply some value to the targeted group, including entrepreneurship, academic, community service and leadership.According to Arshad, Buyong, Wahab and Salleh ( 2011 ) , there are merely 0.6 % of UiTM pupils participated in more than 3 entrepreneurship activities while analyzing. This really little per centum is due to miss of publicity on entrepreneurship activities. To back up the MOHE and UiTM attempts in developing the entrepreneurship elements and involvements among pupils, this undertaking will be attempted to happen an alternate to advance the activities to be conducted by planing a portal and using the entrepreneurship construct and societal entrepreneurship construct was chosen. As one of the pupil association, ISEC was chosen to reflect for this undertaking. Since ISEC do non hold any community battle portal, societal entrepreneurship construct will be applied for the design of ISEC community battle portal ( ICE-Port ) .In suppport MOHE and UiTM entrepreneurial mission, this portal will be functioned as one of the medium for ISEC community to derive information about ISEC and activities planned at the same clip advancing the entrepreneurship activities.1.2 Problem StatementThe non being medium to advance an entrepreneurship activities have causes the pupils to non take part in such activities. In my informal treatment with Information Systems Engineering Club ( ISEC ) commission, current patterns have been applied to advance or inform the pupils about the extracurricular and nine activities is through the societal web medium such as Facebook and through the messaging between the organiser and category representatives.There are issues originate with the current state of affairs such as the pupils do non acquire the information because bash non hold societal web history and category representatives unable to explicate in inside informations about certain activities. And since ISEC is a pupil association, in work outing the job stated, as mentioned before, this undertaking will be focused on the using a type of the entrepreneurship, societal entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship was chosen because Minister of Higher Education Datuk Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin in 2011 said this attack will gives pupils the chance to pattern the procedure of advanced solutions by combine cognition, entrepreneurship, and research experience.The attack, he said, can be used in order to form plans to supply societal alteration to the local community.Resolution of issues or jobs faced by the community, he said, can be addressed through plans organized by their pupils through this attack. This construct more relevant to use among ISEC commission because it is non for net income intiatives ( Austin, Stevenson & A ; Wei-Skiller, 2003 ) and the net income addition will be re-invested to the ISEC community.1.3 AimTo use sosial entrepreneurship construct for the design of ISEC Community Engagement Portal ( ICE-Port ) .1.4 AimsThe chief aims of this undertaking are: 1. To place societal entrepreneurshipconcept. 2. To place the functionalities for ISEC Community Engagement Portal ( ICE-Port ) harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship construct. 3. To plan the ICE-Port.1.5 ScopeThe execution of this undertaking is to help ISEC Committee in using the entrepreneurial constructs in their activities and prosecute the community of ISEC.1.6 Undertaking StakeholdersThe possible stakeholders for this undertaking are: 1. MASMED Staff 2. ISEC Committee.1.7 Significance of Undertaking1. Development Team. This undertaking can help those who are interested to implement this undertaking further.This is because this undertaking will plan the undertaking harmonizing to the societal entrepreneurship constructs and it will do easy for them to develop the system. 2. ISEC Community. Once the undertaking have been implemented, it will give benefits to ISEC commission and community in footings of prosecuting the community and the information sing ISEC activities can be informed in more proper ways.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter purpose to reexamine the relevant literature of the portal development construct, community battle construct and societal entrepreneurship construct.2.1 Portal Development2.1.1 Definition of Portal.The portal is an individual log-on online campus services which would supply pupils with entree to online university web sites, and class information from any location. ( Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc.,2002 ) . Webopedia.com ( n.d, as cited in Maltz, 2005 ) defined a portal as a web site or service which provides many services and maps such as intelligence, hunt engines, electronic mail, forums which can pull a immense figure of users. Whereas â€Å" What is Portal † ( n.d ) defined portal as all in one web sites which contains the aggregation of information from different beginnings and incorporate it with individual entree point.Tatnall ( 2005 ) described portals as a door which enables users to entree to the other web sites by utilizing cyberspace, intranet or extranet.2.1.2 Portal CategorizationThere are many types of portals as listed byTatnall in 2005 as described below:1. General/Mega Portals.The end for this portal is to go the mainpage for their user to entree to the other websites.Free electronic mail, links to chew the fat room, shopping web sites, contains the information and intelligence about athleticss and current issues are some of the services provided by the general portal.They make their money through the advertizement, and the success of this portal are measured by their figure of visitants.2. Vertical Industry Portals.These portals fundamentally focused on the specific industries such as wellness attention, bivouacing equipment and steel merchandises.3. Horizontal Industry Portals.These portals are based around a group of industries and it provide their user with the information on a broad country of subjects.4. Community Portals.It managed by community groups to portion their common involvements among each other.5. Enterprise Information Portals.This portal designed for business-to-employee ( B2E ) processes. It enable the employees to entree and portion data.Usually can be entree utilizing intranet connexion.6. E-marketplace Portals.It is an drawn-out of endeavor information portals but it can be entree to a company ‘s extranet connexion. Very helpful for business-to-business procedures such as engagement, reserve and supply of points. The purpose to cut down cost and to guarantee the services or order will get on clip7. Personal/Mobile Portals.This portal was designed to do easy for nomadic user to pass on particularly from a distance.8. Information Portals.This portal contains specific types of information such the athleticss information portals dedicated to supply information about athleticss.2.1.3 Common Features of Portal.A research done by Butters in 2003 shown there are common characteristics in portal development. He listed as below: Utilities which includes electronic mail history, calendar and contriver. User profiling-The information about an user based on their involvements and background ( Schiaffino & A ; Amandi, 2009 ) . Resource find including subject-specific and individual mark on.News/News provender.Community communicating which contains message boards and on-line treatment. Advertising refers as the advertizements through the utilizing of cyberspace. Maltz in 2005 listed the common characteristics of portal as below: Single mark on- A individual user designation and watchword will enable a user to entree all authorized systems without holding to log on in individually ( Anchan and Pegah, 2003 ) .Role-Based hallmarkNewss and proclamation.Search engine.Calendar.Student information system.DirectoriesHarmonizing to Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc ( 2002 ) , agreed with Maltz in naming the common standards of pupil portal specifically. They added pupil portal should hold: Learning Management System-Is an information system that monitors the acquisition classs and keeps path of pupil advancement records ( Brown & A ; Johnson, 2007 ) . From a research based on the literature reappraisal, a functionalities that serves in pupil portal should hold characteristics as shows in the following tabular array.No.TitleAuthor / SourceIdentified Functionalities1. What features in portal? Butters, 2003 ‘http: //www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue35/butters -Utilities -User profiling -Resource find -News -Community Communication -Advertising -Leisure -Miscellaneous services. 2. Leadership development plan 2001/2002: Student portal undertaking. Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc.,2005. -Single mark on -Role-Based Authentication -Learning Management System -Search engine -Calendar -Student Information System. 3. Portals: A Personal Door to the Information Enterprise Maltz,2005 -Single mark on -Role-Based Authentication -Search engine -Calendar -Student Information System. -News and proclamation -Directories.2.4.2 Types of Open Source For Portal Development.In this subdivision, researcher place several unfastened beginning application model to be choose for the planing the ICE-Port prototype.There are several application model identified, as described below.1. Jetspeed.Harmonizing to ibm.com/developerWork ( n.d ) , Jetspeed, written in Java linguistic communication is a Apache Sofware Foundation merchandise, an unfastened beginning for the development a portal. Released under the Apache License, all entree to the portal is controlled through a portal security policy Provided tools for developers and user interface interior decorators, the purpose of Jetspeed is to let the rapidly portal development. It supports a assortment of entree medium such as web browsers and nomadic devices and has been widely implemented.2.uPortalUsing an unfastened standards-based engineerings such as Java and XML, uPortal provided an easy individual mark on campus application and stop user customization.A particular factor of uPortal is it is focal points on the development of universities portal. However, it still provided the common characteristics of portal.3.LifeRay PortalA free MIT licensing fees, LifeRay is designed for easiness of usage and provided functionalities such as web logs, wikis and message boards.It allows the terminal users to custom-make their pages utilizing predefined portlets or appliance. Jetspeed uPortal LifeRay BeginningsTable 2.4.1: Comparison between unfastened beginning to be selected and used for prototyping.2.2 Community Engagement2.2.1 Definition.In the Principles of Community Engagement Second Edition, the writers described community battle as: â€Å" †¦ the procedure of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic propinquity, particular involvement, or similar state of affairss to turn to issues impacting the wellbeing of those people † . Communities Scotland ( 2007 ) explained community battle is the procedure of affecting people in determinations that affect them, by affecting communities in the planning, development and direction of services. BlackBoard.com ( n.d ) stated, with the community battle, it can assist: To present the online communicating for campus, groups or nines. Be more efficient in presenting intelligence and proclamation based on the user ‘s function. Support multiple unit with different demands.2.2.2 Community engagement theoretical account.Harmonizing to Hashagen in 2002, there are 6 theoretical accounts for community battle as described below:1. Consultation/public engagement theoretical accounts.This theoretical account is frequently use by public governments in acquiring the sentiment from the society and community.It includes studies, forums and treatment and sentiment polls.2. Asset-based/social economic system theoretical accounts.These focal point on recognizing the value of the physical assets and human resources of a community, and seek to maximize the community control over, and benefit from these assets.3. Community democracy theoretical accounts.These set out to widen local democracy into the community by, in consequence, set uping an informal community grade of authorities.4.Identify based theoretical accounts.Typically it is come from the minority groups.5. Learning-led and popular instruction theoretical accounts.It focused on edifice and back uping the accomplishments and involvements among community members.It will inform the members about preparation, employment and accomplishments development chances.6.Service development theoretical accounts.This theoretical account purpose to assist in place the community jobs and happen a manner to work out the job. For illustration this theoretical account was applied by young person nine, athleticss nine and many other nines by act as a voluntary. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation as cited by†¦ †¦ listed community battle theoretical accounts in 5 ways:1.Providing Information.Supply information about activities to the community.2.Consultation.Community allowed to give any feedback or sentiments sing any issues.3.Deciding together.Involved community in determination devising.4.Acting together.Making and moving together in determination devising.5.Supporting independent community involvement.Gives support to commission to develop their docket.No.TitleAuthor / SourceIdentified Models1. Models of Community Engagement Hashagen, 2003 ‘https: //www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded_publications/publication_283.pdf ‘ -Consultation/public engagement theoretical accounts. -Asset-Based/social economic system theoretical accounts. -Community democracy theoretical accounts. -Identify based theoretical accounts. -Learning-led and popular instruction theoretical accounts. -Service development theoretical accounts. 2. Good pattern in community battle from an equalitive position. Equality and Human Rights Commission,2009. ‘http: //www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/good_practice_in_community_engagement.pdf ‘ -Providing information. -Consultation. -Deciding together. -Acting together. -Supporting independent community involvement. Table 2.2.2 The theoretical accounts of community battle. From the reappraisal of community battle theoretical account, researcher choose to use the theoretical accounts as described by Equality and Human Right Commission in 2009, which are the combination of supplying information theoretical account, audience, moving together and back uping independent community involvement model.Researcher found all these theoretical accounts more relevant to be applied because ICE-Port will supply the information about the ISEC and plans will be conducted, let community to give an sentiment about any related issues, and it will give support to community to develop their docket.2.3 Entrepreneurship2.3.1 DefinitionHarmonizing Martin and Osberg ( 2007 ) , entrepreneurship can be defined as the designation, ability and chance to make a new concern or endeavor with the purpose to convey something new to the universe. Entrepreneurship can be referred as the procedure of making something new which has to hold value to the stakeholders, or people for which it is developed, have return values to an enterpriser and presuming hazards such as fiscal, phsycological and societal countries ( Hisrich, Robert, Peters & A ; Shepherd, 2005 ) . BusinessDictionary.com defined entrepreneurship as the ability and preparedness to take any hazards in order to do a net income through the development and organisation of concern venture.2.3.2 Types of entrepreneurshipBlank ( 2011 ) listed there are 4 types of entrepreneurship which can be described as below: Business Entrepreneurship. Social Entrepreneurship Is an entrepreneurship construct which focuses on the resolution of societal demands by producig merchandises and services.It can be for net income or non net income but it is non to make net income for the investors.2.3.3 Entrepreneurship rules.2.4 Social Entrepreneurship2.4.1 Definition.Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn in 2001 has defined societal entrepreneurship as the using the entrepreneuship rules for societal mission impact instead than for net incomes and that net incomes will be used to work out a societal demands to specific group.While Pomerantz in 2003 defined societal entrepreneurship as either single societal enterprisers and non-profit organisations action in the development of advanced, mission supporting and making jobs.Lasprogata and Cotton ( 2003 ) agreed societal entrepreneurship as the non- net incomes organisations approach which will give a greater impact on their societal mission by using the entrepreneurial rules. Social entrepreneurship as defined by Dees is the combination of societal rules and concern rules and it is differentiated from the other types of entrepreneurship by its mission related impact ( Barley, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Seelos and Mair ( 2005 ) , societal entrepreneurship refers to the attempt for compitently fulfill basic homo demands which unable to fulfill by utilizing current system. It is besides the combination between the traditional entrepreneurship with some added value to alter society. Nicholls ( 2006 ) agreed societal entrepreneurship as the utilizing the existing resources to convey societal impacts through the advanced activities and making new opportunities.Mair ( 2008 ) besides defined societal entrepreneurship as the procedure to fulfill basic demands which unable to fulfill by the organisations involved with the aim to do betterment in societal and economic structure.In other words, societal entrepreneurship can be defined as the designation of new solution and chances to address the job of unequal distribution of societal which consequences from conventional systems ( â€Å" Defining Social Entrepreneurship † , n.d ) . Another definition by Zadek and Thake ( 1997, as cited in Noruzi, Westover & A ; Rahimi, 2010 ) societal entrepreneurship is the invention with the mission to make societal impact instead than personal or profit impact. As cited in SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation in 2010, Cochran ( 2007 ) defined societal entrepreneurship as the resolution of societal jobs by using the entrepreneurship principles.Zhara, Gedajlovic, Neubaum, Shulman ( 2008 ) as cited by SME ‘s, Entrepreneurship and Innovation in 2010 suggested societal entrepreneurship as the mission to convey societal wealth through its activities and making new chances and ventures in an advanced manner.2.4.2 Differences between societal entrepreneurship and concern entrepreneurshipThere are many treatment about the differences between concern and societal entrepreneurship. Boschee and McClurg ( 2003 ) distinguish the concern and societal entrepreneurship as stated below:Social ResponsibilityBusiness entrepreneurship by and large do no set a direct attempt on work outing the societal jobs. This signifier of entrepreneurship dramas their societal functions through charity plan such as contribution and hold a good relationship with their employees. Whereas societal entrepreneurship attempt are straight attached to societal jobs. For illustration the societal enterprisers will engage handicapped, populating in poorness and former captives who are hard to acquire a occupation.Performance MeasurementBusiness entrepreneurship measured their public presentation by fiscal consequences. The success or failure of undertaking is determined by the economic value to the proprietors or investors. Social entrepreneurship public presentation are measured by both societal and fiscal returns The net income are re-invested to accomplish the societal mission. Mair and Marti in 2006 described the differences between concern and societal entrepreneurship as below:Aims.Business entrepreneurship precedence given to economic value. Whereas societal entrepreneurship precedence given to societal value. This does non intend the net incomes do non necessary in societal entrepreneurship, it is besides of import to guarantee the attempt sustainability and autonomy. Uhlig ( n.d ) with the same sentiment besides stated:Percept of Value.For concern entrepreneurship, the enterpriser and investors will concentrate for the return on investing as the chief value. While societal entrepreneurship lies in the societal impact and benefits which can work out the societal jobs and demands. The value for net income besides of import to re-invested for the following societal entrepreneurship activities.Wealth Creation Approach.â€Å" The concern entrepreneurship is driven to introduce within a commercial market, to the ultimate benefit of consumers. If successful, the invention creates wealth. The venture ‘s success is gauged by how much wealth it creates † . â€Å" To the societal entrepreneurship, wealth creative activity is necessary, but non for its ain interest. Rather, wealth is merely a tool the enterpriser uses to consequence societal alteration. The grade to which heads are changed, enduring is alleviated or unfairness is reversed represents the organisation ‘s success. †2.4.3 Differences between societal entrepreneurship and charity ( traditional non-profit )Social entrepreneurship besides differed from charity. Meldrum in 2011 described the differences as below:Role of Social Value Creation.The charity exist to redistribute income aggregation to those needed. While societal entrepreneurship making the new thoughts in order to better and give benefits to society.Social Structure.Charity works within bing constructions in society. However, societal entrepreneurship will place the societal jobs and creates chances to work out the job.Purpose.Charity to ease of load while societal entrepreneurship intent is to better the societal status.FiscalIn footings of fiscal, charity chiefly financed through contribution while societal entrepreneurship financed through the conducted activities. While Boschee and McClurg in 2003 differentiate societal entrepreneurship and traditional non net income as belows:Sustainability and Autonomy.Charity has been driven by a dependence theoretical account, trusting chiefly on voluntarism and governement or upper direction support in footings of income.The writers besides believed every bit long as the charity organisation depends on the 3rd party, they will ne'er go sustainable and self sufficient. For societal entrepreneurship, the aid from the authorities and voluntary are welcome, but they do non chiefly depends on it. Based on the definition and comparing between societal entrepreneurship construct and the other constructs, in general, societal entrepreneurship can be clearly described as below: Characteristics/ Beginnings Social Mission Business Principles Non-Profit For-Profit Invention Hibbert, Hogg & A ; Quinn ( 2001 )////Pomerantz ( 2003 )///Lasprogata & A ; Cotton ( 2003 )////Dees as cited by Barley ( 2009 )//Seelos & A ; Mair ( 2005 )//Nicholls ( 2006 )//Mair ( 2008 )/Specifying Social Entrepreneurship ( n.d ) .//Zadek and Thake ( 1997 ) cited by Noruzi, Westover & A ; Rahimi, 2010////Cochran ( 2007 ) as cited by SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation ( 2010 )//Zhara, Gedajlovic, Neubaum, Shulman ( 2008 ) , as cited by SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation ( 2010 )///Austin, Stevenson, Wei-Killer ( 2006 )/Meldrum ( 2011 )//Uhlig ( n.d )//Boschee & A ; McClur ( 2003 )///Table 2.4 The component of societal entrepreneurship From the literature reappraisal, research worker has identified the societal entrepreneurship construct related to be applied for the design of ICE-Port. In general, all the literature stated shared the same thoughts about the societal entrepreneurship that are its nonsubjective is to decide the societal job, and the plans are societal enterprisers invention and it is applied concern entrepreneurship rules. Social entrepreneurship besides is for non-profit organisation which deriving and re-investing net income for the following entrepreneurial programs.From the literature, researcher agreed on Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn review.They has defined societal entrepreneurship as the using the entrepreneuship rules for societal mission impact instead than for net incomes and that net incomes will be used to work out a societal demands to specific group.This sentiment more relevant for this undertaking because it is non merely concentrate on the societal mission but besides using entrepreneursh ip rules as stated in the literature early.Since ISEC is a non-profit association, the net income addition from the plans conducted will be reinvested for the following ISEC programs.This undertaking besides will non merely focuses on ISEC community societal demands, but it will looking to the broad country of societal jobs which can non be satisfy by the conventional approach.From the research worker position, it is non needfully to introduce new plans, but it can besides accommodate the being societal mission plans, harmonizing to UiTM pupils environment.2.4.4 Features in Social Entrepreneurship Websites.Dees ( 2001 ) stated the term of societal entrepreneurship may be something new but the phenomenon is non. There are many societal enterprisers before even cipher name them with that term.For a long clip, entrepreneurship does benefits society by bring forthing new, utile and valuable merchandises and provides more occupation chances. ( Austin, Stevenson & A ; Skillern, 2006 ) . M artin & A ; Osberg ( 2001 ) besides stated the rebranding by utilizing the societal entrepreneurship term is quickly pulling attending from many sectors. In 2006, the Nobel Prize Award to Mohammad Yunus, the laminitis for the Gramen Bank which has helped 1000s of people, largely adult females, out of poorness, thrust societal entrepreneurship into the planetary attending ( Noruzi, Westover & A ; Rahimi, 2010 ) . He believed that the hapless people have under-utilized accomplishments because of the conservative systems and constructions fail to supply the necessary resources to them. From this issue, he founded the Gramen Bank in 1976 to supply loans to the hapless people in his hometown, Bangladesh ( Seelos & A ; Mair,2005 ) .Other than Yunus, there are many societal enterprisers and they are utilizing internet platform in advancing their societal mission.Researcher have done some reappraisal on the societal entrepreneurship websites to place the characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites.Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT )In support their pupils societal involvements and demands, MIT provide a broad scope of sup port for societal activities.It aid pupils to acquire involved in the societal issues and function communities itself.The characteristics provided in hypertext transfer protocol: //web.mit.edu/mitpsc are: What We Do-Describes the activities among their communities involved such as volunteering plan, family and internship, grants and service acquisition. Opportunities-Includes the public service undertakings outside the campus such as: Service Fair -It ‘s a great chance to happen out about community service that matches your involvements. Civic Engagement-Interaction among communities and authorities including take part in political mass meeting and vote enrollment. Yunus Challenge-New waste development such as medical equipment waste and waste direction. Davis Project For Peace-For MIT undergraduate pupils, this plan provide $ 10 000 family for undertaking that promotes peace, to be implemented during a summer. Support the PSC with donation-Special plans for MIT alumnas association who want to maintain back uping the plan by give a contribution.BuzzbankBuzzbnk is an online crowd support platform that advancing societal ventures to all walks of life and gaining fund for the demands of the community to do the thoughts become world. The community can pass their money and clip, and besides convey the societal message among their friends.Buzzbnk charges 5 percent fee on fund raised for each venture.According to https: //www.buzzbnk.org/ , the characteristics were included are: Explore Projects contains the lists of undertaking have done and approaching projects.Examples of undertakings are Provide Sustainable Homes for Women, Pants to Poverty and Our No Spray Potato Can Feed the World. Searching which specified on the societal entrepreneurship elements such as hunt for highest support undertaking, highest support sum, most popular undertaking and merely started project.Users besides can seek based on the classs such as animate beings, art, instruction and environment. Make a Loan-The inside informations on how to be the fundraiser. Submit Project- Allow their community to convey the thought to do support become world.KivaWas founded in 2005, Kiva is a non-profit organisation with a mission to prosecute people through their activities in cut downing the poorness rate.Kiva lets persons impart from $ 25 to assist people in need.Social entrepreneurship characteristics included in Kiva web site, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kiva.org are: How Kiva works-Describe the procedures to affect in Kiva activities. Kiva Social Performance-Identify single societal public presentation strength such as Anti-Poverty, Vulnerable Group and Family and Community Empowerment. Community-contains list of members which have lend their money harmonizing to the specific societal group such as alumnas, concern, spiritual, young person and athleticss.Get down some goodHarmonizing to Ueland ( 2011 ) , Start Some Good is a site for societal enterprisers to gather a community and raise the financess needed to make alteration. Its end is to be the best platform for societal enterprisers to establish and turn the advanced ventures needed to better communities and the universe. Anyone including for- net income and non-profit-making organisation can affect in fund-raising runs. It charges 5 per centum of the sum raised.Features included in hypertext transfer protocol: //startsomegood.com are: Support good-Promoting and back uping the societal activities organized by the other party. Discover good-Contains lists of discover ventures such as Do Good Bus, Real Good Food and LearnToLive. Start good-The community can get down and propose their thoughts on societal ventures and the Start some good committe will supply the resources to get down the activities.This is to enable their community to make the hereafter they want for their communities. Community-Start some good community enrollment and battle. From a research based on the literature reappraisal, a functionalities that serves in societal entrepreneurship web sites should hold characteristics as shows in the following tabular array.Features/OrganizationMassachusetts institute of technologyBuzzbnkKivaGet down some goodHow it works?///Allow community to get down any new undertaking///Lists of undertakings////Searching based on societal service involvements////Alumni societal services plans.///Table 2.4.4 Social Entrepreneurship websites characteristics. The reappraisal on the common characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites besides help researcher to understand its concept.From the literature reappraisal of the common websites characteristics of societal entrepreneurship construct, research worker can reason the of import characteristics to be included are how does the portal work for the societal enterprisers to affect and show their thoughts towards the activities to be conducted, the different societal entrepreneurship undertakings classs such as about environment, humanity, animate beings and education.Other than that, the portal users should able to happen the societal plans harmonizing to their involvements and the ISEC alumnas should acquire involved in the plans by carry oning the particular societal mission plans for them.2.4 Summary.In this subdivision, the treatment of related literature reappraisal has been made to back up this undertaking. From the analysis of the Table 2.4, research worker has agreed with Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn reappraisal. Basically all of the writers shared the same thought, but the thought from these writers more relevant to be applied in ICE-Port.From the Table 2.4.4, research worker has choose to unite the all 4 common characteristics from the societal entrepreneurship web sites, which are the description of the process to be involved in the plan conducted, it will let their community to get down any new undertaking, ICE-Port besides will included the list of the undertakings with the inside informations, provide hunt map based on societal enterprisers involvement and will let ISEC alumnas to acquire involved with the plans.Chapter 3PROJECT METHODOLOGYThis chapter describes about undertaking methodological analysis, stages, activities and its deliverables.3.1 Methodology.This undertaking uses the methodological analysis as described in Figure 3.1 as a guideline to accomplish the purpose of the undertaking. It consists of three stages. This methodological analys is is of import to guarantee the aims of this undertaking can be achieved. Figure 3.1 illustrates the overview of the undertaking attack and methodological analysis that will be used in planing the ICE-Port. Phase Activities Deliverables Problem Designation -Discuss current job with ISEC commission. -Collect the diary and articles and analyze on societal entrepreneurship construct. -Review the literatures on the common characteristics of pupil portal. -Review the literatures on the common characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites -Description of job statement, purpose, acope, aims and the significance of undertaking. -The construct of societal entrepreneurship identified. -The common characteristics of pupil portal identified. -The common characteristics of pupil portal identified. 1st objective-Project proposal. Requirement and Analysis -Analysis and choosing functionalities for ICE-Port. -Analysis and choosing the functionalities of ICE-Port with the societal entrepreneurship construct. – Requirement confirmation Develop paradigm of ICE Port on selected SE functionalities. Create confirmation cheque templet. -Verify functionalities of a SE in ICE-Port through paradigm presentation with the user. -Description of functionalities of ICE-Port as harmonizing to SE construct. -SE functionalities for ICE-Port are identified. -The paradigm for ICE-Port is demonstrated and verified. -Checklist of confirmation on paradigm. -SRS 2nd nonsubjective Design -Designing theoretical account Identify suited application model Customized the design of selected application model harmonizing to SE functionalities -ICE-Port paradigm designed. -SDD -Project presentation by using SE paradigm. 3rd nonsubjectiveFigure 3.1 Project Methodology.3.2 Methodology Description3.2.1 Problem Identification Phase.In this stage, a preliminary interview session is prepared to help the research worker to behavior an interview.The purpose of carry oning the interview is to place the job of the undertaking. For this undertaking, research worker has done informal treatment with ISEC commission. Problem statement, the purpose, range, aims and significance of the undertaking has been identified.To derive the apprehension on the societal entrepreneurship construct, research worker has collect and analyse the diaries and articles on societal entrepreneurship.Researcher besides has reappraisal on the common characteristics of portal and societal entrepreneurship web sites. The deliverables of this stage are the description of job statement, undertaking purpose, aims, range and significance of undertaking, societal entrepreneurship construct designation, the common characteristics of pupil portal and societal entrepreneurship web sites, undertaking agenda and the undertaking proposal.3.2.2 Requirement and Analysis.In this stage, the activities to be conducted are analysis the functionalities of ICE- Port harmonizing to the societal entrepreneurship construct and the identified functionalities will be selected for the design of ICE-Port. The demand confirmation will be conducted through the paradigm presentation with the user. The deliverables of this stage are the description of functionalities of ICE-Port as harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship construct, the checklist on the confirmation of paradigm and SRS will besides be produced.3.2.3 Design.In the design stage, research worker will happen and place the suited application model for the development of portal and theoretical account will be designed. The selected application model will be customized harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship functionalities. The deliverables of this stage are SDD, and planing the concluding paradigm for ICE-Port.3.3 Summary.This chapter discussed on the methodological analysis to be used for the project.Project methodological analysis is of import for the research worker as a guideline and guarantee the research worker to non divert from the undertaking scope.Currently, this undertaking has done the first stage that is job designation.Chapter 4HARDWARE AND SOFTWAREChapter 5Undertaking PlanThis subdivision will depict the undertaking program and work breakdown construction for this undertaking.5.1 Project TimelineThe planned agenda of this undertaking as described in Table 5.1 below. No Undertaking Duration ( Days ) Start End 1Semester 5 – Undertaking Formulation10510 Sep 201227 Dis 20122Problem Designation710 Sep 201217 Sep 20123Identify Research Area4Identify SupervisorAAA5Individual Assessment9421 Sep 201227 Dis 20126Undertaking Topic221 Sep 201223 Sep 20127Preliminary Probe1424 Sep 20128 Oct 20128Research Background515 Oct 201219 Oct 20129Undertaking Aim, Scope, Objective and Problem Statement Submission24 Nov 20126 Nov 201210Literature Review Submission13 Nov 20124 Nov 201211Develop Research Methodology95 Nov 201213 Nov 201212Mock Up Presentation217 Nov 201218 Nov 201213Proposal Presentation17A 26 Nov 2012A 13 Dis 201214Proposal Submission1710 Dis 201227 Dis 2012No Undertaking Duration ( Weeks ) Start ( Month ) 1Semester 6 – Undertaking Formulation122Requirement Analysis3Analysis and choosing the functionalities of ICE-Port with the societal entrepreneurship construct.4Feb 20134Fixing SRS and paradigm4March20135Requirement Verification and Validation1April20126 7Design8Find suited application architecture model.9Identify design of selected application model1April 201310 11SDD and Prototype12Customized the design of selected model harmonizing to SE functionalities4May 2013Table 5.1The undertaking timeline is of import to gauge the continuance of your undertaking, and place order in which activities should be performed.Currently this undertaking has done with Semester 5 undertaking preparation timeline.The following phases will be started on February 2003.The undertaking appraisal by utilizing Gantt Chart is attached in the Appendix subdivision.Chapter 6ANTICIPATED RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThis chapter discusses the description of the expected consequence of proposed undertaking and the decision.6.1 Anticipated ConsequenceThe awaited consequence from this undertaking is to plan an ICE-Port based on the analysis of the identified societal entrepreneurship concept.The design will be represented in a paradigm and SDD.This undertaking is expected to be completed in two semesters ( refer to the undertaking agenda in Appendix ) .6.2 DecisionThe execution of thi s undertaking tends to turn to the less of the engagement in the entrepreneurship activities jobs among UiTM pupils. Since ISEC commission confronting a job on advancing their activities to the community, ISEC was chosen to reflect for this project.Social entrepreneurship construct was chosen because it is more suited in the pupils environment.With the awaited consequence explained above, it is expectantly that this undertaking will give benefits for the ISEC community and the proclamation or publicity for the entrepreneurship activities can be more effectual and attractive.AppendixAcademic survey program which entrepreneurship class has been highlighted as one of the compulsory topic in some faculities.

Who is the Villain in the Frankenstein Essay - 714 Words

Mary Shelley is the original playwright of Frankenstein and it has been adapted since then by Phillip Pullman. Mary wrote it in 1818 and it was first performed in 1988, at the Polka Childrens theatre in Wimbledon. In the play, a doctor called Victor Frankenstein created life from an experiment, a monster, and although Frankenstein had intended the monster (who wasnt to be called the monster) to be a kind, caring and loving creature, the way the villagers treated him and turned away in disgust when they saw the monster, was the reason that the monster became evil. The main themes in Frankenstein are the themes of Nature versus Nuture, in which we find out that the monster was not intentionally villainous and that it was the way†¦show more content†¦In this play, there is not one clear villain as there are two main villains. These are Frankenstein and the monster. I believe that both Frankenstein and the monster are the villains because the monster kills the villagers and Fran kensteins family. Other people think that Frankenstein is the villain in Frankenstein because he doesnt seem to care about his dying father and he is more passionate about his work/ experiment of creating life. This is shown when Frankenstein says to Elizabeth Tomorrow! But- (page 21) when Elizabeth tries to get Frankenstein back home to see his dying father. This shows that Frankenstein doesnt really care about his family and anything/anyone other than his closest friends and his experiment. Frankenstein also comes across as quite a violent person as he hit his best friend Henri de Clerval over the head with a chair. We know this as the stage directions state he starts forward as if to destroy it, but Frankenstein, seeing his intention, seizes a chair and strikes Clerval with it from behind. The chair breaks-Clerval falls-stunned. This shows that although Frankenstein and Clerval are friends, Frankenstein is willing to attack to stop anyone from disrupting his experiment. On the o ther hand, I believe that the monster is the villain because although FrankensteinShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Villain? - Frankenstein Or The Monster?1206 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Who is the Villain? – Frankenstein or the Monster? Every story has its hero and villain. Some authors’ works easily clarify the debate between which character is the ultimate protagonist or the antagonist, but sometimes the author tries to toy with readers’ minds. Similarly, Frankenstein’s author, Marry Shelley is one of the authors who is not straightforward about who is the villain in her novel. In Frankenstein, both the Monster and Victor Frankenstein could be considered the villains in theRead MoreAbsence of Heroes and Villains in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein781 Words   |  4 PagesAbsence of Heroes and Villains in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Frankenstein is a gothic novel which was published in the 19th century, and was written by Mary Shelley. In the 19th century the most popular types of novels were horror. This novel was an early example of a thriller. One of the main reasons why Mary Shelley wrote a book about science, horror and suffering was because she knew that people in the 19thRead MoreWhat Makes Frankenstein A Gothic Novel?877 Words   |  4 PagesIV December 4, 2016 What makes Frankenstein a gothic novel? Mary Shelley creates a sense of gloom, mystery, and suspense, in her novel Frankenstein. The book generates these perceptions though the setting and the terrible events that go on throughout the book. Gothic novels came from the English genre of fiction popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. Gothics are defined by the mysterious and horrific atmosphere, similar to that of Mary Shelley’s writing. Frankenstein is a gothic novel because of theRead MoreNegative Criticism Of Frankenstein1279 Words   |  6 Pagesshocked to life is named Frankenstein. However, that is not the case in the original book â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley. As my classmate said, â€Å"Frankenstein† is not only an ionic book, but also ironic considering that the theme of Frankenstein is people being misunderstood when the book itself has misconceptions over the true meaning thanks to the movie that changed the views people had over Frankenstein. Today there are several viewpoints over th e works of â€Å"Frankenstein†. Some people consider theRead More Frankensteins Creature is a Victim, NOT A Villain Essays1133 Words   |  5 PagesFrankensteins Creature Is A Victim Not A Villain In this essay I aim to discuss the statement Frankensteins creature is a victim not a villain In 1814 Mary Wollestonecraft met Percy shelly, a poet and writer. They ran away together, to escape Marys family and Percys pregnant wife, Harriet. Harriet drowned herself and Mary and percy were married two weeks later. Frankenstein was started in 1816 and finally published in 1818. From 1815 to 1819 three of mary Shellys four childrenRead More Victor is the True Villain of Frankenstein Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesmonster in Frankenstein is a symbol of evil, whose only desire is to ruin lives. He has been called A creature that wreaks havoc by destroying innocent lives often without remorse. He can be viewed as the antagonist, the element Victor must overcome to restore balance and tranquility to the world. But after the novel is looked at on different levels, one becomes aware that the creature wasnt responsible for his actions, and was just a victim of circumstance. The real villain of Frankenstein isnt theRead MoreEssay on The True Villian in Frankenstein1590 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelly wrote the Gothic tale Frankenstein. In the novel, who is the true villain, the Monster or Victor Frankenstein? Which character do you have the most sympathy for? Mary Shelly wrote the novel â€Å"Frankenstein† using gothic techniques. Nearly 200 years after the book was first published in 1818 the readers still debate about the real villain of the story. Victor Frankenstein could be the hero of the story; the reader sympathises with him when he suffers the loss of his mother, his Read MoreFrankenstein as Anti-Hero Character1578 Words   |  7 PagesSUCI HANIFAH LITERARY CRITICISM II EDRIA SANDIKA/MARLIZA YENI 8 MAY 2013 Frankenstein as Anti Hero Character A women who wrote â€Å"Frankenstein† named, Mary Shelley, she was born August 30, 1797, in London, England. Mary Shelley came from a rich literary heritage. She was the daughter of William Godwin, a political theorist, novelist, and publisher. Her ideas to write Frankenstein cameon summer of 1816, Mary and his brother Percy visited the poet Lord Byron at his villa beside Lake Geneva in SwitzerlandRead MoreEssay on Frankenstein Versus Frankenscience1610 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein Versus Frankenscience The story of Frankenstein. A story that I, myself, have been familiar with for a good part of my life. It is most popular among horror film fanatics and becomes one of the most desired stories to be told around Halloween. Some see it as a well-told story of a man and his monstrous creation. But is there something deeper? Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein, gives light to many truths about the era of modern science. She is using Victor FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley849 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"Who is the true antagonist† is a question that a reader may mull upon during the reading of certain novels. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the main character, Victor Frankenstein, although thought to be a victim, is in fact the villain of the novel Frankenstein. The plot of the novel consists of Victor Frankenstein causing tragedies and deaths as a result of his irresponsibility and yearning for fame. Victor also creates an antagonizing creature that has absolutely no knowledge of the basic ways